Fixed Preposition

Number	Fixed Preposition	Meaning
1.	Abhor to	Bertentengan dengan
2.	According to	Sesuai dengan
3.	As contrasted with	Bertentangan dengan
4.	As distinct from	Bertentangan dengan
5.	As opposed to	Bertentangan dengan
6.	Because of	Karena
7.	In accord with	Sesuai dengan
8.	In behalf of	Atas nama
9.	In connection with	Menghafal di luar kepala
10.	In consequence of	Sebagai akibat dari
11.	In contrast with	Demi kepentingan
12.	In contradiction to	Bertentangan dengan
13.	In order to	Agar supaya
14.	In spite of	Berhubungan dengan
15.	In ( with ) regard to	Berkenaan dengan
16.	On behalf of	Karena
17.	Owing to	Sesuai dengan
18.	Referring to	Meskipun
19.	Similar to	Mirip dengan
20.	Subsequent to	Lebih kemudian daripada
21.	As opposed to	Bertentangan dengan
22.	To look after	bersandar kepada
23.	To look at	Melihat kepada
24.	To look for	Mencari
25.	To look into	memeriksa
26.	To look up ( dictionary )	Mencari di ( kamus )
27.	To look forward to	Menanti akan
28.	To look around	Melihat – lihat
29.	To look about	Melihat keliling
30.	To become acquainted to	Berkenalan dengan
31.	To be acquainted with	Kenal akan
32.	To be afraid of	Takut kepada
33.	To be angry with ( someone )	Marah kepada
34.	To be angry about ( something )	Marah tentang
35.	To be amused at	Senang dengan
36.	To be annoyed with ( someone )	Jengkel kepada
37.	To be bore of	Bosan dengan
38.	To be content with	Puas dengan
39.	To be dependent of or to depend on	Tergantung dengan
40.	To be disappointed in ( someone )	Kecewa dengan
41.	To be disappointed with	Kecewa tentang
42.	To be good at ( lesson )	Pandai dalam
43.	To be fond of	Gemar pada
44.	To be ill of	Sakit karena
45.	Put on	Memakai
46.	Put in	Menghabiskan
47.	Put out	Memadamkan
48.	Put off	Menunda
49.	Take off	Membatalkan
50.	Wear off	Melepaskan

Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

- Definition of corrosion
Corrosion is
v redox reaction between a metal with a variety of substances in the environment that produces a compound - a compound that is not desired.
v oxidation reaction of a metal which forms rust with Fe2O3.xH2O formula.

- Factors - factors that support berlangsugnya corrosion:
v Oxygen
v Water
v Acidity
v Contact with other metals
v Lead
v Air Humidity

- Prevention of corrosion:
v Changing iron into stainless steel (stainless steel).
v Painting.
Paint can avoid contact with air and water. Paint containing lead and zinc (zinc) will be better, because they protect the metal against corrosion.
v Pelumuran with oil and grease.
This method is applied to a variety of tools and machinery. Oil and grease to prevent contact with water.
v dressing with plastic.
Plastics can prevent contact with water and air.
v Tin plating (coating with tin)
Cans tyerbuat packaging of iron coated with tin by electrolysis. Tin metal that resists rust classified. However, the tin coating protects the iron during the coating was intact (without paint). If the tin layer is broken, such as scratches, then lead it to encourage or accelerate the corrosion of iron. It happens because the reduction potential is more negative than the tin iron (Fe E0 = -0.44 V, E0sn2 + I sn = - 0.14 V). Therefore, iron coated with tin to form an electrochemical cell with iron as the anode. Thus, pushing tin corrosion of iron. But this is precisely what is expected, so the tin - tin cans quickly destroyed.
v Galvanization (with a zinc coating).
In contrast to tin, zinc can protect iron from corrosion even if the lining is intact. This happens because of a protection mechanism called the cathode. Because iron reduction potential more positive than zinc, iron mak contact with zinc to form an electrochemical cell with iron as the cathode. With that case, unprotected iron and zinc which is oxidized.
v Cromium Plating (with a chromium coating).
Iron or steel can also be coated with chromium to a glossy protective coating member, for example for automobile bumpers. Cromium Plating is also done by electrolysis. Just like zinc, chromium can be member protection and chromium layer was damaged.
v Sacrificial Protection (sacrificial anode).
Magnesium is a metal that is much more active (meaning more easily corroded) dariapada iron. If metallic magnesium is contacted with iron, magnesium then it will not rust, but iron. This method is used to protect steel pipes are planted in soil or marine hull. Periodically, magnesium rod must be replaced.
v Modification of the environment
Because oxygen and air moisture is a major factor in the corrosion process, it reduces oxygen levels and lowers the humidity can slow the rusting process. For example, the humidity in the warehouse can be reduced by cooling the warehouse using the AC.
v Modification of Iron
When menbentuk iron alloys with elements - certain elements of iron would be more resistant to corrosion. Steel (alloys of iron) containing 11-12% chromium and low in carbon, so-called stainless steel, stainless steel and is often used in industry, for chemicals, and in the household.
v Cathodic Protection
v If ferrous metal associated with zinc, iron would be difficult to experience corrosion. This is because zinc is more easily oxidized than iron (zinc reduction potential E0zn2 + I zn = - 0.76 V) is more negative than the reduction potential of iron (Fe E0Fe2 + I = - 0.44 V). Zinc will react with oxygen and water in an environment containing carbon dioxide and form zinc carbonate compound. Zinc carbonate formed itself serve to protect zinc from corrosion. How to protect metal like this is called the way Cathodic Protection (cathode protector). In addition to zinc (Zn), metal magnesium (Mg) which includes an alkaline earth is widely used for this purpose.

- Given: metals iron, zinc, aluminum, and chrome
a) Metals are the most rapidly oxidized
v aluminum (Al E0Al3 + I = - 1.66 V)
v Zinc (E0zn2 + I zn = - 0.76 V)
v Chromium (Cr E0Cr3 + I = - 0.74 V)
v Iron (Fe E0Fe2 + I = - 0.44 V)
- Tins is a tin-coated steel, while the roof is zinc coated steel
a) Zinc (E0zn2 + I zn = - 0.76 V)
Tin (E0sn2 + I sn = - 0.14 V)
So the cans are more resistant to rust than the roof, because the roof is less than E0 E0 cans.
b) Canned easier than rusty tin roof because if the layer is broken, such as peeling, then lead it to encourage or accelerate the corrosion of iron. It happens because the reduction potential of iron is more negativ than tin (E0 = -0.44 V Fe, E0sn2 + I sn = - 0.14 V). Therefore, iron coated with tin to form an electrochemical cell with iron as the anode. Thus, pushing tin corrosion of iron.

Circulatory system

A.    Definition

 Blood is one component of the body is very important. Blood carries various substances into the body from the outside and vice versa bring substances from the body to be issued. If the blood loss in large quantities, in a short time will lead to death.
 The function of this system is to provide blood to serve the needs of cells and tissues, transport nutrients and oxygen to all cells, transport of products that are not useful and transport of hormones from the body one to the other body parts.

B.     Things Involved In Circulatory System

 heart that pumps blood
 blood vessels as a 'pipeline' blood supplier
 nerves that regulate
 chemical substances that can affect
 Blood circulated throughout the body by the heart pumped blood to all parts of the body by the contraction of heart muscle. The heart contracts to pump blood throughout life without stopping for one's survival. Cardiac arrest is a sign of someone's death.

C.     In the Vertebrate Circulatory System

 Transport system in vertebrates consists of blood, heart, blood vessels, lymph nodes.
 Vertebarata blood always flows in the blood vessels so it is said to have a closed circulatory system
 Vertebrate blood circulation is divided into 2 single and double
 Single blood circulation is the circulation of blood through the heart that allows blood once in a single outstanding
 Dual circulation is blood circulation which allows the blood through the heart twice in one outstanding

D.    The Circulatory System of Fish

 Fish heart comprises:
 - 2 rooms: includes an atrium (hall) and a ventricle (chamber)
- Sinus venosus: who receives venous blood from the veins kardinalis kardinalis anterior and posterior.
 Direction of blood flow:
 Blood from the heart out through the ventral aorta to the gills. In the gills the aorta branches into the arteries and eventually became brankial capillaries (gas exchange occurs ie the release of CO2 and O2 from water retrieval. From the gill capillary blood flow to the dorsal aorta, then into the capillaries throughout the body to deliver nutrients and O2 and CO2 binding. Furthermore, the blood returning to the heart through a vein kardinalis kardinalis anterior and posterior veins.
 Circulation of fish including a single blood circulation (in a single circulation, the blood through the heart one time).

E.     Circulatory System In Frogs

Amphibians
 Frog heart comprises:
 - Three rooms: two atria and one ventricle
 - Sinus venosus: accommodate the blood from the veins
of which will go into the right atrium.
 Direction of blood flow:
O2-rich blood from the lungs and skin into the left atrium. O2-poor blood into the right atrium through the medium of the sinus venosus. Of atrial blood into the ventricles, causing the mixing of blood rich in O2 and O2-poor blood. Of ventricular O2-rich blood is pumped to the body tissues and at the O2 poor blood flow to the lungs to the skin for O2.
 Frog circulatory including dual circulation (in a single circulation, blood passes through the heart 2 times).

F.      Circulatory System in Reptiles

Reptiles
 Reptilian heart is divided into 4 rooms, namely:
- Two atria: - 1 dekster atrium (right atrium)
                             - An atrium sinister (left gallery)
No. The type of animal circulatory cardiovascular Space cardiac structure information
A Single Fish
Closed 2 1 porch
1 There is no bulkhead separating chamber
2 Frogs Duplicates
3 2 enclosed porch
1 There is no bulkhead separating chamber
3 Reptile Duplicates
4 2 closed porch
2 chamber insulation on the chamber has not been perfect, except the crocodile
- Two ventricles: - 1 dekster ventricles (right ventricle)
- A sinister ventricle (left ventricle)
 Bulkhead between the left ventricle and right ventricle have not been perfect.
 Reptilian circulation is double circulation.
 In crocodiles, ventricular septum there is a hole called the foramen panizzae allowing O2 delivery to the digestive system and to balance the pressure in the heart of any diver in the water.